The ideal for diagnostic testing would be knowing early when a transplant patient is undergoing a rejection episode. Searching for news on biomarkers I found recently the
NGAL Test™ was released for diagnostic use in Europe (currently unavailable in United States) as a biomarker to diagnose acute kidney injury. NGAL (Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin), a small protein expressed in specific granules of neutrophils and at lower levels in other organ systems including the kidney.
NGAL is up-regulated in cells under a variety of stressors and is involved in the sequestering of bacterial products such as iron-containing
siderophores during an inflammatory response.
Other great equalities in addition to being an early biomarker of acute renal failure,
NGAL is resistant to protease degradation and can be detected in either urine or blood.